The reaction was tested in many different solvents, including ethylene glycol, ethanol, acetic acid, and water. Using water as a solvent resulted in the highest percent yield.
entry | solventa | T (°C) | time (min) | yieldb (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ethyleneglycol | 90 | 10 | 43 |
2 | ethanol | 90 | 11 | 54 |
3 | HOAc | 90 | 10 | 57 |
4 | H2O | 90 | 10 | 65 |
5 | H2O | 100 | 9 | 81 |
6 | H2O | 110 | 7 | 89 |
7 | H2O | 120 | 6 | 91 |
8 | H2O | 130 | 6 | 88 |
Furthermore, the researchers found that when they increased temperature, the yield also increased. However, temperatures higher than 130 °C did not result in an improvement.
The researchers conclude that their new mechanism is simpler than previous mechanisms and is healthier for the environment because it uses water as the solvent, which also reduces waste production.
Source: http://pubs.acs.org/stoken/campaign/acs/full/10.1021/cc800212v
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